Description :
dpath-python
============
|PyPI|
|Build Status|
A python library for accessing and searching dictionaries via
/slashed/paths ala xpath
Basically it lets you glob over a dictionary as if it were a filesystem.
It allows you to specify globs (ala the bash eglob syntax, through some
advanced fnmatch.fnmatch magic) to access dictionary elements, and
provides some facility for filtering those results.
sdists are available on pypi: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dpath
Installing
==========
The best way to install dpath is via easy\\_install or pip.
::
easy_install dpath
pip install dpath
Using Dpath
===========
.. code-block:: python
import dpath.util
Separators
==========
All of the functions in this library (except \'merge\') accept a
\'separator\' argument, which is the character that should separate path
components. The default is \'/\', but you can set it to whatever you want.
Searching
=========
Suppose we have a dictionary like this:
.. code-block:: python
x = {
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": [],
\"d\": [\'red\', \'buggy\', \'bumpers\'],
}
}
}
... And we want to ask a simple question, like \"Get me the value of the
key \'43\' in the \'b\' hash which is in the \'a\' hash\". That\'s easy.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.get)
Help on function get in module dpath.util:
get(obj, glob, separator=\'/\')
Given an object which contains only one possible match for the given glob,
return the value for the leaf matching the given glob.
If more than one leaf matches the glob, ValueError is raised. If the glob is
not found, KeyError is raised.
>>> dpath.util.get(x, \'/a/b/43\')
30
Or you could say \"Give me a new dictionary with the values of all
elements in ``x[\'a\'][\'b\']`` where the key is equal to the glob ``\'[cd]\'``. Okay.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.search)
Help on function search in module dpath.util:
search(obj, glob, yielded=False)
Given a path glob, return a dictionary containing all keys
that matched the given glob.
If \'yielded\' is true, then a dictionary will not be returned.
Instead tuples will be yielded in the form of (path, value) for
every element in the document that matched the glob.
... Sounds easy!
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> result = dpath.util.search(x, \"a/b/[cd]\")
>>> print json.dumps(result, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"c\": [],
\"d\": [
\"red\",
\"buggy\",
\"bumpers\"
]
}
}
}
... Wow that was easy. What if I want to iterate over the results, and
not get a merged view?
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> for x in dpath.util.search(x, \"a/b/[cd]\", yielded=True): print x
...
(\'a/b/c\', [])
(\'a/b/d\', [\'red\', \'buggy\', \'bumpers\'])
... Or what if I want to just get all the values back for the glob? I
don\'t care about the paths they were found at:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.values)
Help on function values in module dpath.util:
values(obj, glob, separator=\'/\', afilter=None, dirs=True)
Given an object and a path glob, return an array of all values which match
the glob. The arguments to this function are identical to those of search(),
and it is primarily a shorthand for a list comprehension over a yielded
search call.
>>> dpath.util.values(x, \'/a/b/d/\\*\')
[\'red\', \'buggy\', \'bumpers\']
Example: Setting existing keys
==============================
Let\'s use that same dictionary, and set keys like \'a/b/[cd]\' to the
value \'Waffles\'.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.set)
Help on function set in module dpath.util:
set(obj, glob, value)
Given a path glob, set all existing elements in the document
to the given value. Returns the number of elements changed.
>>> dpath.util.set(x, \'a/b/[cd]\', \'Waffles\')
2
>>> print json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\"
}
}
}
Example: Adding new keys
========================
Let\'s make a new key with the path \'a/b/e/f/g\', set it to \"Roffle\". This
behaves like \'mkdir -p\' in that it makes all the intermediate paths
necessary to get to the terminus.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.new)
Help on function new in module dpath.util:
new(obj, path, value)
Set the element at the terminus of path to value, and create
it if it does not exist (as opposed to \'set\' that can only
change existing keys).
path will NOT be treated like a glob. If it has globbing
characters in it, they will become part of the resulting
keys
>>> dpath.util.new(x, \'a/b/e/f/g\', \"Roffle\")
>>> print json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\",
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"g\": \"Roffle\"
}
}
}
}
}
This works the way we expect with lists, as well. If you have a list
object and set index 10 of that list object, it will grow the list
object with None entries in order to make it big enough:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> dpath.util.new(x, \'a/b/e/f/h\', [])
>>> dpath.util.new(x, \'a/b/e/f/h/13\', \'Wow this is a big array, it sure is lonely in here by myself\')
>>> print json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\",
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"g\": \"Roffle\",
\"h\": [
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
\"Wow this is a big array, it sure is lonely in here by myself\"
]
}
}
}
}
}
Handy!
Example: Merging
================
Also, check out dpath.util.merge. The python dict update() method is
great and all but doesn\'t handle merging dictionaries deeply. This one
does.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> help(dpath.util.merge)
Help on function merge in module dpath.util:
merge(dst, src, afilter=None, flags=4, _path=\'\')
Merge source into destination. Like dict.update() but performs
deep merging.
flags is an OR\'ed combination of MERGE_ADDITIVE, MERGE_REPLACE, or
MERGE_TYPESAFE.
* MERGE_ADDITIVE : List objects are combined onto one long
list (NOT a set). This is the default flag.
* MERGE_REPLACE : Instead of combining list objects, when
2 list objects are at an equal depth of merge, replace
the destination with the source.
* MERGE_TYPESAFE : When 2 keys at equal levels are of different
types, raise a TypeError exception. By default, the source
replaces the destination in this situation.
>>> y = {\'a\': {\'b\': { \'e\': {\'f\': {\'h\': [None, 0, 1, None, 13, 14]}}}, \'c\': \'RoffleWaffles\'}}
>>> print json.dumps(y, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"h\": [
null,
0,
1,
null,
13,
14
]
}
}
},
\"c\": \"RoffleWaffles\"
}
}
>>> dpath.util.merge(x, y)
>>> print json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\",
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"g\": \"Roffle\",
\"h\": [
null,
0,
1,
null,
13,
14,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
null,
\"Wow this is a big array, it sure is lonely in here by myself\"
]
}
}
},
\"c\": \"RoffleWaffles\"
}
}
Now that\'s handy. You shouldn\'t try to use this as a replacement for the
deepcopy method, however - while merge does create new dict and list
objects inside the target, the terminus objects (strings and ints) are
not copied, they are just re-referenced in the merged object.
Filtering
=========
All of the methods in this library (except new()) support a \'afilter\'
argument. This can be set to a function that will return True or False
to say \'yes include that value in my result set\' or \'no don\'t include
it\'.
Filtering functions receive every terminus node in a search - e.g.,
anything that is not a dict or a list, at the very end of the path. For
each value, they return True to include that value in the result set, or
False to exclude it.
Consider this example. Given the source dictionary, we want to find ALL
keys inside it, but we only really want the ones that contain \"ffle\" in
them:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> print json.dumps(x, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"3\": 2,
\"43\": 30,
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\",
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"g\": \"Roffle\"
}
}
}
}
}
>>> def afilter(x):
... if \"ffle\" in str(x):
... return True
... return False
...
>>> result = dpath.util.search(x, \'**\', afilter=afilter)
>>> print json.dumps(result, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
{
\"a\": {
\"b\": {
\"c\": \"Waffles\",
\"d\": \"Waffles\",
\"e\": {
\"f\": {
\"g\": \"Roffle\"
}
}
}
}
}
Obviously filtering functions can perform more advanced tests (regular
expressions, etc etc).
Key Names
=========
By default, dpath only understands dictionary keys that are integers or
strings. String keys must be non-empty. You can change this behavior by
setting a library-wide dpath option:
.. code-block:: python
import dpath.options
dpath.options.ALLOW_EMPTY_STRING_KEYS = True
Again, by default, this behavior is OFF, and empty string keys will
result in ``dpath.exceptions.InvalidKeyName`` being thrown.
Separator got you down? Use lists as paths
==========================================
The default behavior in dpath is to assume that the path given is a string, which must be tokenized by splitting at the separator to yield a distinct set of path components against which dictionary keys can be individually glob tested. However, this presents a problem when you want to use paths that have a separator in their name; the tokenizer cannot properly understand what you mean by \'/a/b/c\' if it is possible for \'/\' to exist as a valid character in a key name.
To get around this, you can sidestep the whole \"filesystem path\" style, and abandon the separator entirely, by using lists as paths. All of the methods in dpath.util.* support the use of a list instead of a string as a path. So for example:
.. code-block: python
>>> x = { \'a\': {\'b/c\': 0}}
>>> dpath.util.get([\'a\', \'b/c\'])
0
dpath.path : The Undocumented Backend
=====================================
dpath.util is where you want to spend your time: this library has the
friendly functions that will understand simple string globs, afilter
functions, etc.
dpath.path is the backend pathing library - it is currently
undocumented, and not meant to be used directly! It passes around lists
of path components instead of string globs, and just generally does
things in a way that you (as a frontend user) might not expect. Stay out
of it. You have been warned!
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:target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/dpath/
:alt: PyPI: Latest Version
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:target: https://travis-ci.org/akesterson/dpath-python
|
